Which political party led the Russian Revolution of 1917 and established the first Communist state?

• A. Bolsheviks
• B. Mensheviks
• C. Socialist Revolutionaries
• D. Black Hundreds

Answer: (D)

The party that led the Russian Revolution of 1917 and established the first Communist state was the Bolsheviks, guided by Lenin. They pushed for immediate peace, land for peasants, and power to the workers, which helped them win broad support among soldiers, workers, and some peasants at a critical moment. After Lenin’s return to Russia, the Bolsheviks seized key centers in the October uprising, toppled the Provisional Government, and set up a new government dominated by the soviets and the Communist Party. This created the first state to operate under a Marxist-Lrench-style system, with nationalization of land and industry and centralized decision-making under party leadership.

Other groups existed during that period, such as the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, and various monarchist factions like the Black Hundreds, but none of them managed to take and hold power in the way the Bolsheviks did. The result was the creation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which later became the core of the Soviet Union.