Which philosopher wrote Leviathan and argued that without a strong ruler, life would be chaotic and that absolute monarchy is necessary?

• A. Locke
• B. Voltaire
• C. Rousseau
• D. Hobbes

Answer: (D)

The main idea tested here is why some political thinkers argue for a strong centralized authority to prevent chaos. Thomas Hobbes, in Leviathan, paints a bleak picture of the state of nature—life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” without a controlling power. To escape that fearfully anarchic condition, people enter into a social contract and cede their individual rights to a sovereign who holds universal authority. That sovereign’s power must be almost absolute to keep order, because any hint of weakness invites conflict and the breakdown of peace. This is why Hobbes argues that an absolute ruler—often envisioned as a strong monarchy—is necessary to maintain security and civil society. Other Enlightenment thinkers offered different visions—Locke argued for government with limited powers and protection of natural rights; Rousseau emphasized the general will and popular sovereignty; Voltaire critiqued abuses and defended civil liberties—but Leviathan is Hobbes’s clear case for why absolute monarchy is needed to prevent chaos.